{"id":1422951,"date":"2025-03-05T00:38:34","date_gmt":"2025-03-05T00:38:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gaytimes.com\/?p=1422951"},"modified":"2025-03-05T00:38:52","modified_gmt":"2025-03-05T00:38:52","slug":"violence-new-york-subway","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gaytimes.com\/uncloseted\/violence-new-york-subway\/","title":{"rendered":"Is bystander intervention the solution to violence on New York subways?"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n
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Harassment of LGBTQIA+ people is at an all-time high, and the New York City subway is the belly of the beast. But without clear guidelines from the NYPD, how and when should you intervene?<\/p>\n

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THIS ARTICLE FIRST APPEARED ON\u00a0UNCLOSETED MEDIA<\/a>\u00a0A NEW INVESTIGATIVE LGBTQIA+ FOCUSSED NEWS PUBLICATION.<\/strong><\/p>\n

WORDS SAM DONNDELINGER<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>

On a summer afternoon in August 2021, Athena Schaffner scrolled the Chipotle menu as she rode the New York City C train.<\/p>\n

When the train dipped into a tunnel, a man with baggy sweatpants and a disposable facemask stood up from the orange plastic seats and peered at the subway signs above Schaffner, a lesbian college student who was 20 at the time. As he loomed over Schaffner\u2019s short, spiky hair, she got nervous and looked up. Before she could blink, the man punched her squarely in the forehead. \u201cWhat?\u201d he screamed. \u201cYou don’t want to sleep with me?\u201d<\/p>\n

After the subway creaked to a stop, the doors opened and the man ran off. Schaffner sat frozen, her head pulsing.<\/p>\n

She looked at the other passengers for help. A woman stood with her earbuds in and her eyes focused on her phone. A man shifted his weight, holding on to the subway pole. No one made eye contact. No one said a word.<\/p>\n

\u201cI felt alone,\u201d Schaffner told Uncloseted Media<\/em>.<\/p>\n

The New York City subway can feel like the belly of the beast when it comes to violence. In the last few months, a man nearly died <\/a>after being pushed on the tracks in Chelsea, and a woman was killed after being lit on fire<\/a> on a train in Brooklyn.<\/p>\n

While the New York City Police Department (NYPD) says overall transit crime has decreased by 36.4%<\/a> since last year, assaults, harassment and murder have increased <\/a>since 2021.<\/p>\n

Polls show<\/a> that fear of crime is still the main reason people are hesitant to ride the subway. Only half of those who ride feel safe.<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

For LGBTQIA+ and queer-presenting people, the subway is even more dangerous. In recent years, attacks against the LGBTQIA+ community have surged<\/a>, according to the FBI\u2019s annual crime report. More than one-in-five <\/a>hate crimes are motivated by anti-LGBTQ bias, an increase of 53% from last year. <\/a>In the subway, trans women have been harassed<\/a>, lost their legs after being pushed in front of the tracks<\/a>, been sexually assaulted and been called slurs<\/a>.<\/p>\n

This fear is prompting scholars, activists and victims to ask: What role should bystanders play in intervening in this public violence?<\/p>\n

The Bystander Dilemma: Should You Step In?<\/strong><\/h4>\n

While the MTA declined to comment for this article, they directed Uncloseted Media<\/em> to their hate crimes guidelines<\/a>, where they instruct bystanders to report subway incidents and to \u201conly intervene if you think that it is safe.\u201d They also add, \u201cDon\u2019t try to handle it on your own. The situation could escalate.\u201d<\/p>\n

Given some stops span up to 3.5 miles where doors are shut for over five minutes<\/a>, situations can escalate quickly. When victims have no escape, waiting for authorities may be unrealistic. And research shows that with the right tools, intervention may be more effective at keeping people safe than staying silent.<\/p>\n

When bystanders intervene, 79% of victims of sexual harassment in public spaces say the situation improved, according to a 2019 survey<\/a>. Another study, led by the United Kingdom’s Center for Research on Violence Against Women<\/a>, found a greater than 50% reduction in sexual violence at schools that received bystander training.<\/p>\n

Still, people in the U.S. only intervene 15% of the time.<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cIt all goes back to some basic psychological principles of the bystander effect,\u201d says Annelise Mennicke, the associate director of research at the University of North Carolina Violence Prevention Center. \u201cIf there’s a group of people, there’s a diffusion of responsibility, and people feel unsure. Everybody looks at each other and says, \u2018It’s not my job to do it.\u2019 Well, whose job is it?\u201d<\/p>\n

Mennicke says lack of intervention creates a domino effect and makes standing by feel normal.<\/p>\n

\u201cAlthough we all imagine ourselves heroes, the fact is that many people refrain from helping in real life, especially when we are aware that other people are present at the scene,\u201d according to social neuroscientist Ruud Hortensius\u2019 research findings from a 2018 report <\/a>in Current Directions in Psychological Science.<\/p>\n

Uncloseted Media<\/em> interviewed six New Yorkers outside the city\u2019s F train. When asked about their own likelihood to intervene, one of the top reasons they provided for not stepping in is that they didn\u2019t want to risk their own safety.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou don\u2019t know the scenario,\u201d says Matt Birnholtz, a 26-year-old computer coder in Brooklyn. \u201cYou don\u2019t want to put yourself in harm\u2019s way. If you\u2019re the only one who intervenes, you\u2019re putting yourself in a situation you don\u2019t understand and that\u2019s scary.\u201d<\/p>\n

There are reasons to be more afraid to intervene in America, a country with the most firearms per capita in the world: 120.5 guns among 100 residents.<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s a lot of barriers to intervention related to fear of being wrong, fear of harming yourself or putting yourself in danger, fear of somebody getting mad at you. Bystander intervention training can help with all of those,\u201d says Mennicke.<\/p>\n

Amelia Prochaska, a bystander intervention facilitator, says that \u201cWestern culture\u201d teaches us not to intervene. \u201cWe’re socialised to ignore things or to stay in our lane,\u201d she says. \u201cWe\u2019re taught to be more independent and less involved in our communities, which [conditions] us to be less reliant on each other.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

She says that if a stranger is being harassed and you don\u2019t view them as part of your community, it\u2019s hard to step in. \u201cWe\u2019re not thinking about what’s at stake for that person,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n

Savannah Lynn, an assistant director for Diversity Inclusion at New York University School of Law, agrees. \u201cIntervening is just not done,\u201d she says. \u201cEverybody ignores the situation. And that’s understandable. But there are situations where intervention is necessary, and it changes the trajectory.\u201d<\/p>\n

These incidents often start with verbal harassment or catcalling, which disproportionately affect queer people<\/a> and women.<\/a><\/p>\n

How Harassment Turns into Violence<\/strong><\/h4>\n

In August 2023, a 22-year-old trans woman was waiting for the J train in Brooklyn when a man approached her, catcalled her, and made a sexually suggestive gesture. According to Brooklyn prosecutors, he then grabbed her butt and, when she confronted him verbally, he threatened her and called her a \u201cfaggot.\u201d<\/p>\n

After they entered the train, he hit her repeatedly, threw her to the floor and beat her until bystanders pulled him off. She ended up with a broken nose, <\/a>and the man was charged with a hate crime.<\/p>\n

Prochaska says it\u2019s critical that bystanders intervene sooner when they see the beginnings of harassment. \u201cKissy noises, grunts, and unwelcome conversations contribute to the culture of disrespect,\u201d she says. \u201cIf we don’t intervene here, then it can escalate to identity-based harassment. This is where we usually see slurs, hate, and physical violence.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mennicke says that perpetrators are often \u201ctesting the waters\u201d by starting with verbal harassment. In the case of the woman and the man on the platform, she believes the witnesses on the platform had already committed to not intervening.<\/p>\n

\u201cBy moving off the subway platform and onto the train, new people were involved and saw the severity of the situation without the slow escalation,\u2019\u2019 she says. \u201cI wouldn’t be surprised if [it was] the new people who intervened because they suddenly saw a brand-new situation and couldn\u2019t rationalise it to themselves.\u201d<\/p>\n

Who Gets Help? The Role of Identity in Bystander Intervention<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u201cWe tend to help people we perceive as less socially distant from ourselves or have more in common with us,\u201d says Brenden Lance, director of the Hate Crime Research and Policy Institute at Florida State University.<\/p>\n

Lance says political animus toward the LGBTQIA+ community is creating a climate that makes the public less willing to help. \u201cPeople perceive themselves as different from [trans and queer people]. Legislation is just making that more concrete.\u201d<\/p>\n

Something as superficial as a t-shirt can influence whether a bystander will step in. A 2013 study<\/a> found that football fans were more likely to verbally or physically intervene in an escalating incident of harassment when the victim was wearing the same jersey as the team they supported.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u201cAny level of connection can increase your likelihood of helping,\u201d Proschaska says.<\/p>\n

Alisa Nudar, a 17-year-old queer student, says she was \u201cso relieved\u201d when someone her age stepped in to help when she was being harassed.<\/p>\n

Nudar remembers waiting for the train in Queens when she noticed a man getting closer to her.<\/p>\n

\u201cHey Sweetheart,\u201d he whispered. \u201cHow you doing?\u201d<\/p>\n

She shifted her weight, unsure whether to leave or respond and afraid the situation might become violent. \u201cMy first thought was, \u2018Will he follow me home?\u2019\u201d Nudar told Uncloseted Media<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Suddenly, a woman her age approached and gently asked about her day. Nudar pretended to know her, and they boarded the train.<\/p>\n

\u201cI felt like I wasn’t alone,\u201d Nudar says. \u201c[A stranger] saying something, even something small, broke the situation and made me feel like I wasn’t crazy because someone else noticed it.\u201d<\/p>\n

This method of intervention is called Distract, according to Proschaska.<\/p>\n

What Can You Do? Safe Ways to Intervene<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Proschaska recommends methods of intervention that focus on supporting the person who’s experiencing the harassment rather than engaging with the perpetrator. In addition to Distract, techniques include Delegate, Document, Delay and Direct.<\/p>\n

The 5-Ds, according to Right to Be<\/a>, a bystander intervention training group, focus on de-escalation. Only one of them involves engagement with the perpetrator.<\/p>\n

\u201cSay you’re on the train, and someone’s getting yelled at. You can go and stand between them with headphones on,\u201d says Proschaska, referring to Distract. \u201cYou’re creating physical distance [and] starting to diffuse the tension. You don\u2019t even have to say anything.\u201d<\/p>\n

If that doesn\u2019t feel safe, Prochaska says you can reach out to the person next to you and ask for their assistance. \u201cDelegate really asks you to consider your positionality in terms of power, privilege, vulnerability, and safety,\u201d she says. \u201cWe’re often waiting for someone else to say something without directly asking them to.\u201d<\/p>\n

If there\u2019s no way to delegate or distract, taking video can help provide evidence if the situation does get out of hand.<\/p>\n

Keith Lynch, who worked for the NYPD for eight years, says people should report harassment on the subway. \u201cNot everyone is in a position to physically intervene,\u201d he says. \u201cBut you can always report it.\u201d<\/p>\n

While there are emergency alert buttons on trains, phones in stations, and security cameras in trains,<\/a> the NYPD does not have clear guidelines on what people should do if they see an incident on the subway. Uncloseted Media<\/em> requested interviews with the NYPD multiple times and sent them a list of questions for comment. They declined an interview and did not respond to our questions.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Without a clear message from the police when it comes to bystander intervention, Proschaska says citizens on the subway have a duty to step in to help their fellow New Yorkers.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen we start intervening, it helps us all,\u201d she says. \u201cPart of the power of giving people tools and plans for what to do if they see disrespect is acknowledging that it’s happening. The idea that it’s just the way it is is something to directly oppose. I believe that we deserve better than harassment, and we deserve people\u2019s help.\u201d<\/p>\n

If objective, nonpartisan, rigorous, LGBTQIA+ focused journalism is important to you, please consider making a tax-deductible donation through our fiscal sponsor, Resource Impact, by clicking this button:<\/em><\/h4>\n

Donate to Uncloseted Media<\/a><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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